郭先强算法

❶ 征求n阶乘的优化算法

这是被我初学时写的如今已我抛弃的"算法", 其实也不是什么算法, 只不过类设计一个, 而且类的实现还没有完善, 因为写到一半发现我的构思有多么垃圾我就没再写下去了, 支持4294967295位有符号和无符号整数, 你可以把UBI_SIGNED给undef了对于无符号整型可能要快一点, 我也没算过100000!有没有超过这个范围, 你要算的话自己去算下看看, 我没那个时间.

UBI意为unbounded integer

忘了说你可以去这个网站看下一个专门为理论上的"无限大"数做的的C++库:

http://www.apfloat.org/apfloat/

apfloat的意思是arbitrary precision float, 这个人写的算法很吊, 只能这样说, 2.6亿位的π只用几乎1秒多就出来了, 算100W!也不在话下, 用的大约是数论变换, 你要算法的话可以去参考下, 另:
其实the art of computer programming vol2 siminumerical algorithm有很多关于这方面的介绍的, 我曾经瞥过几眼, 但由于本人数学太烂, 看懂几乎是 impossible -_-~~. 所以也只好作罢...

我写这个烂代码计算乘法很"慢", 但计算加法还马虎, 我曾经用跌代法算Fibonacci的第10W项貌似也只用了很短的时间(感觉不长, 具体记不得了).

计算了一个1000!, 3秒左右:

1239862902
9445909974
1418278094
5573543251
2912073791
0878297308
8932076716
3650241536
0821333186
4516076535
6153071277
8114194545
3408243920
9880051954
5832036786
6848259012
3448259932
8558600301
2188525247
4228458623
5904339901
0164192106
0241866493
1399694290
986355
8633969099
2154399457
8184009699
0277534720
0000000000
0000000000
0000000000
00000000

代码:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

#define UBI_SIGNED

class UBI
{
typedef unsigned char byte;
typedef signed char diff_byte;
typedef vector<byte> mem_type;
typedef mem_type::size_type size_type;

#define SMALL(result) result.first
#define BIG(result) result.second
typedef pair<const UBI*, const UBI*> cmp_result;
static inline byte HiByte(byte b)
{
return b >> 4;
}
static inline byte LoByte(byte b)
{
return b & 0xF;
}
static inline byte MakeByte(byte a, byte b)
{
return (a << 4) | (b & 0xF);
}

void Init(string str);
short Strcmp(const string& lhs, const string& rhs)const;
cmp_result UBICmp(const UBI& lhs, const UBI& rhs)const;

#ifndef UBI_SIGNED
void CheckVal(const string& str)const
{
if(str[0] == '-')
throw domain_error
("Try to initial or assign an negtive value" \
"to a number that is positive.");
}
#endif

public:
UBI(size_type digit = 20);
UBI(const char* c_str, size_type digit = 20);
UBI(const string& str, size_type digit = 20);
UBI(const UBI& UBI);

UBI operator + (const UBI& rhs)const;
UBI operator - (const UBI& rhs)const;
UBI operator * (const UBI& rhs)const;
UBI operator / (const UBI& rhs)const;

const UBI& operator = (const UBI& rhs);
const UBI& operator += (const UBI& rhs);
const UBI& operator -= (const UBI& rhs);
const UBI& operator *= (const UBI& rhs);
const UBI& operator /= (const UBI& rhs);

string ToString()const;
void clear();

private:
mem_type mem;
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
bool isSigned;
bool IsSigned()const;
mutable bool mutex;
#endif
};

UBI::UBI(size_type digit)
{
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
isSigned = false;
mutex = false;
#endif
mem.reserve(digit);
}

void UBI::Init(string str)
{
if(str[0] == '-')
str.erase(0, 1);
int i;
for(i = str.size() - 1; i-1 >= 0; i -= 2)
{
mem.push_back(MakeByte(LoByte(str[i]), LoByte(str[i-1])));
}

if(i == 0)mem.push_back(MakeByte(LoByte(str[0]), 0));
}

short UBI::Strcmp(const string& lhs, const string& rhs)const
{
if(lhs.size() > rhs.size())
return 1;
else if(lhs.size() < rhs.size())
return -1;
else if(lhs > rhs)
return 1;
else if(lhs < rhs)
return -1;
return 0;
}

UBI::cmp_result UBI::UBICmp(const UBI& lhs, const UBI& rhs)const
{
string sLhs(lhs.ToString());
string sRhs(rhs.ToString());

if(Strcmp(sLhs, sRhs) == 0)
return make_pair(&lhs, &lhs);

#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
if(sLhs[0] == '-')sLhs.erase(0, 1);
if(sRhs[0] == '-')sRhs.erase(0, 1);
#endif
const UBI* small =
Strcmp(sLhs, sRhs) == -1 ?
this : &rhs;

const UBI* big =
&rhs == small ?
this : &rhs;

return make_pair(small, big);
}

#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
bool inline UBI::IsSigned()const
{
return isSigned;
}
#endif

UBI::UBI(const char* c_str, size_type digit)
{
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
isSigned = *c_str == '-' ? true : false;
mutex = false;
#else
CheckVal(string(c_str));
#endif
if(string(c_str).size() > digit)
mem.reserve(string(c_str).size());
else
mem.reserve(digit);
Init(string(c_str));
}

UBI::UBI(const string& str, size_type digit)
{
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
isSigned = str[0] == '-' ? true : false;
mutex = false;
#else
CheckVal(str);
#endif
if(str.size() > digit)
mem.reserve(str.size());
else
mem.reserve(digit);
Init(str);
}

UBI::UBI(const UBI& UBI) : mem(UBI.mem)
{
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
isSigned = UBI.isSigned;
mutex = false;
#endif
}

const UBI& UBI::operator = (const UBI& rhs)
{
if(this == &rhs)return *this;

mem.assign(rhs.mem.begin(), rhs.mem.end());
#ifdef UBN_SIGNED
isSigned = rhs.isSigned;
#endif
return *this;
}

UBI UBI::operator + (const UBI& rhs)const
{
if(mem.empty() || mem.size() == 1 && mem[0] == 0x0)
return rhs;
if(rhs.mem.empty() || rhs.mem.size() == 1 && rhs.mem[0] == 0x0)
return *this;

#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
if(!mutex)
{
if(isSigned && !rhs.isSigned || !isSigned && rhs.isSigned)
{
mutex = true;
return *this - rhs;
}
}else
mutex = false;
#endif

cmp_result result(UBICmp(*this, rhs));

byte prevHiRemain = 0;
size_type smallSize = SMALL(result)->mem.size();
UBI tempUBI;
for(size_type i = 0; i < BIG(result)->mem.size(); ++i)
{
byte tempHi =
HiByte(BIG(result)->mem[i]) +
(i < smallSize ? HiByte(SMALL(result)->mem[i]) : 0)
+ prevHiRemain;

byte tempLo =
LoByte(BIG(result)->mem[i]) +
(i < smallSize ? LoByte(SMALL(result)->mem[i]) : 0);

prevHiRemain = 0;
if(tempHi > 9)
{
tempLo += tempHi / 10;
tempHi = tempHi % 10;
}
if(tempLo > 9)
{
prevHiRemain = tempLo / 10;
tempLo = tempLo % 10;
}
tempUBI.mem.push_back(MakeByte(tempHi, tempLo));
}
if(prevHiRemain != 0)
tempUBI.mem.push_back(MakeByte(prevHiRemain, 0));

#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
tempUBI.isSigned = this->isSigned ? true : false;
#endif
return tempUBI;
}

const UBI& UBI::operator += (const UBI& rhs)
{
return *this = *this + rhs;
}

UBI UBI::operator - (const UBI& rhs)const
{
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
if(!mutex)
{
if(!isSigned && rhs.isSigned || isSigned && !rhs.isSigned)
{
mutex = true;
return *this + rhs;
}
}else
mutex = false;

#endif

cmp_result result(UBICmp(*this, rhs));
if(SMALL(result) == BIG(result))
return UBI("0");

byte prevHiBorrow = 0;
size_type smallSize = SMALL(result)->mem.size();
UBI tempUBI;
for(size_type i = 0; i < BIG(result)->mem.size(); ++i)
{
diff_byte tempHi =
HiByte(BIG(result)->mem[i]) -
(i < smallSize ? HiByte(SMALL(result)->mem[i]) : 0)
- prevHiBorrow;
diff_byte tempLo =
LoByte(BIG(result)->mem[i]) -
(i < smallSize ? LoByte(SMALL(result)->mem[i]) : 0);

prevHiBorrow = 0;
if(tempHi < 0)
{
tempLo -= 1;
tempHi = 10 + tempHi;
}
if(tempLo < 0)
{
prevHiBorrow = 1;
tempLo += 10;
}
tempUBI.mem.push_back(MakeByte(tempHi, tempLo));
}

#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
if(this == BIG(result) && this->isSigned ||
this == SMALL(result) && !this->isSigned)
tempUBI.isSigned = true;
#endif

return tempUBI;
}

UBI UBI::operator * (const UBI& rhs)const
{
if(this->mem[mem.size()-1] == 0 || rhs.mem[rhs.mem.size()-1] == 0)
return UBI("0");
if(this->mem.size() == 1 && this->mem[0] == 0x10)
return rhs;
if(rhs.mem.size() == 1 && rhs.mem[0] == 0x10)
return *this;

cmp_result result(UBICmp(*this, rhs));

UBI tempUBI;
for(size_type i = 0, k = 0; i < SMALL(result)->mem.size(); ++i)
{
byte SmHi = HiByte(SMALL(result)->mem[i]);
byte SmLo = LoByte(SMALL(result)->mem[i]);
byte prevLoRemain = 0;

UBI Hi;
for(size_type j = 0; j < BIG(result)->mem.size(); ++j)
{
byte tempHi = SmHi * HiByte(BIG(result)->mem[j]) + prevLoRemain;
byte tempLo = SmHi * LoByte(BIG(result)->mem[j]);
prevLoRemain = 0;

if(tempHi > 9)
{
tempLo += tempHi / 10;
tempHi %= 10;
}
if(tempLo > 9)
{
prevLoRemain = tempLo / 10;
tempLo %= 10;
}
Hi.mem.push_back(MakeByte(tempHi, tempLo));
}
if(prevLoRemain != 0)
{
Hi.mem.push_back(MakeByte(prevLoRemain, 0));
prevLoRemain = 0;
}
if(k > 0)
{
string _10(Hi.ToString());
_10.resize(_10.size()+k, '0');
Hi = UBI(_10);
}
++k;
tempUBI += Hi;

UBI Lo;
for(size_type j = 0; j < BIG(result)->mem.size(); ++j)
{
byte tempHi = SmLo * HiByte(BIG(result)->mem[j]) + prevLoRemain;
byte tempLo = SmLo * LoByte(BIG(result)->mem[j]);
prevLoRemain = 0;

if(tempHi > 9)
{
tempLo += tempHi / 10;
tempHi %= 10;
}
if(tempLo > 9)
{
prevLoRemain = tempLo / 10;
tempLo %= 10;
}
Lo.mem.push_back(MakeByte(tempHi, tempLo));
}
if(prevLoRemain != 0)
{
Lo.mem.push_back(MakeByte(prevLoRemain, 0));
prevLoRemain = 0;
}
if(k > 0)
{
string _10(Lo.ToString());
_10.resize(_10.size()+k, '0');
Lo = UBI(_10);
}
++k;
tempUBI += Lo;
}
return tempUBI;
}

string UBI::ToString()const
{
if(mem.empty() || mem.size() == 1 && mem[0] == 0)
return string("0");
string temp;
temp.reserve(mem.size()*2);

#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
if(isSigned)
temp.push_back('-');
#endif
int i = mem.size()-1;
while(mem[i] == 0 && i > 0)--i;

for(; i >= 0; --i)
{
temp.push_back(LoByte(mem[i]) + '0');
temp.push_back(HiByte(mem[i]) + '0');
}

unsigned zero = temp.find_first_of("0");
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
if(zero == 0 || temp[0] == '-' && zero == 1)
temp.erase(zero, 1);
#else
if(zero == 0)
temp.erase(zero, 1);
#endif
return temp;
}

void UBI::clear()
{
#ifdef UBI_SIGNED
isSigned = false;
#endif
mem.clear();
}

template <class T, class U>
T lexical_cast(U u)
{
stringstream sstrm;
sstrm << u;
T t;
sstrm >> t;
return t;
}

int main()
{
UBI a("1");
for(int i = 2; i <= 1000; ++i)
{
a = a * lexical_cast<string>(i);
}
cout << a.ToString();
}